In cultural terms, Brazil is famous for its music and its architecture. As the largest and richest country in Latin America, Brazil is set apart from the others by its language, and by the ethnic diversity of its population, all of which contribute to its cultural distinctiveness. Yet, the architecture of twentieth-century Brazil is all too often represented by the work of one man (Oscar Niemeyer) or by two cities (Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo). This book is a study of Brazilian architecture in the twentieth-century, from the first modern houses of the 1920s and Le Corbusier’s seminal visits to the country, through the well-known ‘heroic’ period of the 1940s-1950s and its crisis post-1964 up to contemporary developments. The high-modernist era coincided with the period of Brazil’s most rapid economic growth around the middle of the century, when the country was transformed from a predominantly agricultural economy with coffee as its principal export, into an urbanised society with an industrial economy that saw the creation of Brasilia, one of the most utopian projects of the Modern Movement. Towards the end of this period, as society became increasingly polarised between a prosperous middle class and a very poor underclass, architects also became more pre-occupied with the nature of public buildings and the problems linked to accelerated urban growth. What has usually been seen as a period of creative experimentation in architecture underwent a crisis with the advent of the military dictatorship in 1964, while the rapid growth of the economy was sustained and even increased, with the consequent rise in activity of the building industry until the 1980s, one of the inherent contradictions of Brazil that this book seeks to address. While conventional accounts treat 1964 as the end of Brazilian architecture, this was not the case. Brazilian architects adapted to the changed circumstances, and developed new strategies that were no less creative, but sometimes less demonstrative. This has been particularly so since the restoration of democracy in the early 1980s, and again, a major theme of the book is to show continuities between the more recent work and that of the high-modernist era of the mid-century. The book will be edited by Elisabetta Andreoli and Adrian Forty, who will frame the main chapters with the introduction and a foreword to the survey of recent works.